https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63333542

This is BBC news about India and Pakistan’s relationship in cricket, which is different from the cases outside the field. There had been issues in the Indian and Pakistani past including the independence of Bangladesh, wars on the land of Kashmir, and the Partition of British India. Despite the fact that there were conflicts between the two nations, cricket players themselves were not affected along the way. According to Sunil Gavaskar, a former Indian cricket player, there was no tension between Pakistanis and Indians. Instead, they had good memories and admired each other. Nevertheless, the outside conflict, wars in 1965 and 1971, caused India and Pakistan unable to play against themselves for the next 17 years. After the conflict has lost its steam, they were tied in sports for the next two decades until India rejected playing with Pakistan due to another conflict in Kashmir. The theme of religions, Hinduism and Islam, and the tension caused by them which divided India and Pakistan are affecting the areas of sports though the sports spirit surpasses the fight between the two nations.

Today’s class covered how two cities in India and Japan, Kolkata and Yokohama respectively, have changed, especially during the 1800s and 1900s. Kolkata is the current capital of West Bengal with 16 million people living in 700 square miles. Dr. Shaya presented on Kolkata (formerly known as Calcutta). Kolkata was located In the 1900s, the era of empires, Britain created a trading post in Kolkata through the East India Company. This was one of the first colonial cities in India when the British began injecting their infrastructures. Soon with the arrival of the British, Kolkata became the capital of British India, growing from a village to a city. One evidence of the British impact is the architecture in Kolkata, which has a combination of both Indian and British styles.

The second half of the lecture covered Yokohama, a major port city similar to Kolkata. Dr. Jim Bonk presented on Yokohama. Under the Tokugawa shogunate, trading was banned except for Dutch. The US, however, sent warships to open ports in Japan. Threatened by the US, Japan opened ports to Europe and America. The opening of the ports allowed new ideologies in Japan. Japan began expanding its trade and economy, reinforcing its military force with growing imperialism, and developing the Public Health System and biopolitics.